史泼尼克一号

出自协作百科（Knowtive），人人可以编辑的世界百科全书！

跳转到: 导航, 搜索

史泼尼克一号或称史普尼克一号（Спутник-1，「卫星一号」或Sputnik，「旅行者」或音译「史泼尼克」）是第一颗进入地球轨道的人造卫星。在苏联于1957年10月4日于拜科努尔航天中心发射升空。由于这时正值冷战，史泼尼克一号的发射震撼了整个西方，在美国国内引发了一连串事件，如 史泼尼克危机、华尔街发生小股灾。同时亦开始了美、苏两国之间的太空竞赛。

史泼尼克一号升空的意义，在于通过量度其轨道变化，有助研究高空地球大气层的密度，并为于电离层作无线电波传递提供原始的资料。由于卫星填充了压缩氮，史泼尼克一号亦因此作了第一次人造物体作陨石探测的尝试， 由于高温的陨石穿透了史泼尼克一号的表面，导致其内压泄漏，此亦为陨石之极端高温提供证据。史泼尼克一号毫无先兆而成功的发射，导致美国的极大恐慌，并造成史泼尼克危机，因此亦激起美苏两国之后持续20多年的太空竞赛，成为冷战的一个两强主要竞争点。

当史泼尼克一号于哈萨克拜科努尔航天中心发射之时，正值是1957年---联合国所公佈的国际地球观测年（又译作国际地球物理年），它以每小时29,000公里的速度脱离地球引力，成为第一个进入外太空的人造物体，在外太空它以20.005至40.002兆赫的频率向地球发送无线电波信号 [1]，并可由业馀无线电用家所接收。其发送一直持续至1957年10月26日，才因为电池用尽而中断。[2] 1958年初，史泼尼克一号失去动力，脱离其工作轨道并坠入大气层，其工作寿命中，共围绕地球运转了六千万公里。

目录

[编辑] 历史

史泼尼克计划可缘溯至1954年5月27日，当时苏联的火箭总设计师谢尔盖·科罗廖夫向日后担任苏联国防部部长的乌斯季诺夫提出要发展人造卫星计划，稍后乌斯季诺夫向他的上级米海．吉洪腊沃夫报告，并由之向苏联最高苏维埃反映，获得重视。 [3]吉洪腊沃夫强调，发展绕地球之人造卫星，是掌握无地域限制全球快速通讯之唯一途径，亦是令火箭技术得以更进一步的必经之路。[4] 迄至1955年7月29日，美国总统艾森豪通过白宫新闻秘书发佈美国将于1957年；即国际地球物理年(IGY)发射第一枚人造卫星，[5]仅一星期后，在当年8月8日苏联共产党中央政治局马上同意科罗廖夫有关开始苏联人造卫星计划的建议， [6] 于8月30日，当时主导R-7火箭研製工作的国家委员会委员Vasily Ryabikov，召开了有关人造卫星计划的第一次会议，会上除听取了科罗廖夫关于发射往月球飞船的轨道数据汇报外，亦决定了以三节綑绑式R-7火箭发射史泼尼克一号。[7]

1956年1月30日，苏联部长会议批准了发射人造卫星的立桉，并暂以「D」命名，计划于1957至1958年左右发射升空，计划中的质量为1000-1400公斤(2200-3090磅)，当中包括200-300公斤的科学仪器[8] [4] 根据决议，人造卫星的研製工作分为以下几部分：[9]

  • 苏联科学院：统筹整个人造卫星计划并研製搭载之科学仪器。
  • 苏联国防工业部：由其实际执行者OKB-1负责设计并製造卫星主体，以及运载用的火箭。
  • 无线电技术工业部：营建遥距控制系统，以及有关无线电传播的装置。
  • 飞船建设部：计算运行轨道和製作内置的陀螺仪。
  • 机器製造局：负责地面发射之设置，燃料充注和仪器运输。

　　此外，国防部负责监督整个发射过程。

1956年7月，所有有关「史泼尼克计划」的大纲拟定及科学技术的准备工作筹划完成。计划的目标确立为：量度大气层的密度和其离子物质结构，并探究太阳辐射、地球磁场和宇宙射线的第一手资料，为发展更长远的人造卫星计划，是次发射亦具备实验性及标志性的作用。卫星的地面观测系统，如为监察卫星轨道和发送控制指令，苏联于地面建筑了15座观测站，此等举措自此确立，广为后进者模彷学习。然而，由于目标发射时间迫在眉睫，原先计划内为观察R-7火箭而製订的计算，仅于7-10天内便草草完成，因此事实上「D」的轨道，打从开始便预定为精确度一般。[10]

然而，「D」过分具野心及繁複的设计，终于因科技水平未能跟上而致使问题陆续浮现，当准备交付予装配时，组件之间并不配合，1956年底，问题的严重性超乎预期，为作补救而必须将发射的日期延误，之后更因为複杂的科学仪器未能如期完成，以及完成的R-7火箭的比冲量未有设计的当量(304秒而非当初设计的309-310秒)，苏共中央决定将「D」押后到1958年4月发射。[4] 亦即之后的史泼尼克三号。

由于恐防美国会先于苏联发射人造卫星，OKB-1提出第一颗卫星不应迟于1957年7月国际地球观测年开始前发射，更精确来说应是当年的4或5月，由于时间已所剩无几，因此设计被大幅简化：简单、轻型(仅100公斤)、易于操作并只携带一台简陋的无线电发送器。1957年2月15日，苏联部长会议准许了这一简化方桉，并为此计划立下「PS」代号，以观测地球轨迹及接受人造卫星讯号为目标。计划希望于R-7火箭发射成功后一或两次后，以R-7将计划中的「PS-1」和「PS-2」发射(即后来的史泼尼克一号及二号)[11]

地面观测的任务，由Yu.A.Mozzhorin上校引领的队伍负责，他所组织的「指令监测组」，任务包括主要的「NII-4」监察中心以及其馀7个位处卫星经过之处，遍佈全世界的监测站。PS-1」只计划为观测用而非操控，它们都有一条专用的通讯频道与火箭连络，并具备雷达，光学仪器以及通讯设备。7个讯号站接收到的数据，都会通过电报传回「NII-4」中心，以弹道学计算卫星身处的位置。此「指令监测组」则为苏联，以至全球太空监测控制中心的雏型。[12]

[编辑] 设计

史泼尼克一号球体直径为585毫米（23英寸，made of highly polished 2 mm-thick aluminum AMG6T alloy,[13] carrying four whip-like antennas between 2.4 and 2.9 meters (7.9 and 9.5 ft.) in length. The antennas resembled long "whiskers" pointing to one side. It had two radio transmitters (20.005 and 40.002 MHz) and is believed to have orbited Earth at a height of about 250 km (150 mi). Analysis of the radio signals was used to gather information about the electron density of the ionosphere. Temperature and pressure were encoded in the duration of radio beeps, which additionally indicated that the satellite had not been punctured by a meteorite. Sputnik 1 was launched by an R-7 rocket. It burned up upon re-entry on 1958年1月4日。

[编辑] 任务

Soviet 40 copecks stamp, showing satellite's orbit.
Soviet 40 copecks stamp, showing satellite's orbit.

The designers, engineers and technicians who developed the rocket and satellite were watching the launching at the range.[14] After the launch they ran to the mobile radio station to listen to signals from the satellite.[14] They waited about 90 minutes to ensure that the satellite had made one orbit and was transmitting, before Korolyov called Kruschev.[15] The downlink telemetry included data on temperatures inside and on the surface of the sphere.

On the first orbit the Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union transmitted: "As result of great, intense work of scientific institutes and design bureaus the first artificial Earth satellite has been built".[16] The Sputnik 1 rocket booster also reached Earth orbit and was visible from the ground at night as a first magnitude object following the satellite. Korolyov had intentionally requested reflective panels placed on the booster in order to make it so visible.[15] The satellite itself, a small but highly polished sphere, was barely visible at sixth magnitude, and thus more difficult to follow optically. Several replicas of the Sputnik 1 satellite can be seen at museums in Russia, and others are on display in the Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum in Washington, D.C. and the Science Museum, London, England.

The actual sequence of decision-making as to the form of Sputnik 1 was convoluted. A tonne-and-a-half, cone-shaped artificial satellite capable of making many physics measurements in space was first planned by Academician Mstislav Keldysh, but when the Soviets read that the American Project Vanguard had two satellite designs, a small one which was just to see if they could get something into orbit, the Soviets decided to have what translates as the "Simplest Satellite" too, one which was one centimeter larger in diameter, and much heavier, than Vanguard's "real" satellite. They had to see whether the conditions in low Earth orbit would permit the bigger satellite to remain there for a useful length of time. When, months after Sputnik 1, the Vanguard test satellite was orbited, Khrushchev ridiculed it as a "grapefruit." Once the Soviets found they could orbit a test satellite too, they planned to orbit Keldysh's space laboratory satellite as Sputnik 3, and did so after one launch failure.

[编辑] 回馈

Image:NYT header.JPG
The New York Times issue.

Teams of visual observers at 150 stations in the United States and other countries were alerted during the night to watch for the Soviet sphere at dawn and evening twilight. They had been organized in Project Moonwatch to sight the satellite through binoculars or telescopes as it passes overhead.[17] The USSR asked radio amateurs and commercial stations to record the sound of the satellite on magnetic tape.[17]

The Soviet Union at first agreed to use equipment "compatible" with that of the United States, but then announced the lower frequencies.[17] The White House declined to comment on military aspects of the launching, but said it "did not come as a surprise."[18] On October 5 the Naval Research Laboratory announced it had recorded four crossings of Sputnik-1 over the United States.[17] U.S. President Dwight Eisenhower obtained photographs of the Soviet facilities from Lockheed U-2 flights conducting since 1956.[19]

[编辑] 争论

Long-standing official accounts state that, based on the degradation of Sputnik 1's orbit, the satellite re-entered the atmosphere on or about January 4, 1958, whereupon it is assumed to have burned up completely. The Sputnik 1 rocket booster re-entry was expected to occur somewhere above Alaska, or the West coast of North America, according to Soviet predictions in December 1957. [20]

There are dubious claims however, that certain components did survive: Per recent news reports, on the morning of 1957年12月8日, Earl Thomas of Encino, California, was leaving his home to go to work, when he noticed something glowing beneath a tree in his back yard. The source turned out to be several pieces of plastic tubing, which he claimed matched structural diagrams of the Sputnik 1 satellite. A local Los Angeles radio DJ, Mark Ford of KDAY Radio, was at the same time offering a $50,000 reward for anyone who had found Sputnik, which reportedly had gone down in the L.A. area. When Thomas tried to claim the reward, he was met by a representative of the United States Air Force, who received the pieces Thomas found, and wrote a receipt on Air Force stationery. Later, after the radio station denied having offered a reward, Thomas brought the receipt back to the Air Force, where the sergeant on duty gave the pieces back to Thomas. The family wrote to government officials at all levels in an attempt to collect the reward, but were told that the government had not offered a reward. Of particular interest, however, was a reply from Colonel W.G. Woodbury of the Air Force, which includes the statement "At the time you recovered the Sputnik parts..." Currently, the disputed parts are in the possession of Bob Morgan, Thomas' son. An exhibit about the parts is currently on display at The Beat Museum, in the North Beach neighborhood of San Francisco. [21]

[编辑] 流行文化

Sputnik 1 resulted in a fashion trend now called the "Sputnik lamp", which usually consists of a metallic sphere with bars jutting out in multiple directions holding light bulbs or lamp globes at the ends. Most average around 8 to 15 bars, unlike the 4 antennae on Sputnik 1.

[编辑] 琐事

  • The first man-made object to reach space was launched over 10 years before Sputnik 1. In 1944, a V2 rocket was launched from Peenemünde on a vertical test shot sub-orbital trajectory to an altitude of 176 km (109 miles), well beyond the 100 km (62 miles) altitude generally considered to be the border of space (see Kármán line). [22]
  • The previous altitude record before the V-2 was held by the artillery shells of the Paris Gun, the first artificial object to enter the stratosphere with an apogee of approximately 30 miles.

[编辑] 複製品

其中一台史泼尼克一号複製品由法国及俄罗斯年轻人建造以及于1997年11月3日在和平号太空站发射，两个月后脱离轨道。[19]

2003年，一台史泼尼克一号模型未能在eBay成功拍卖 。[23]

史泼尼克一号模型已送赠给联合国，目前放在纽约市联合国总部。

另外一个複杂品在Smithsonian'sNational Air and Space Museum展出。

另外一个複杂品在伦敦科学博物馆显示。

有一个複製品叫《我的史泼尼克》，由艺术家Michael Joaquin Grey在1990年设计，以及在艺术馆国际展出。

[编辑] 参见

[编辑] 外部连接

[编辑] Authentic recordings of the signal

This Russian page contains signals which are probably the faster pulsations from Sputnik-2:

A NASA history website on Sputnik contains this commonly copied recording, which is some pulse-duration-modulated signal of an unknown spacecraft:

[编辑] 历史

Three recent historical articles are noteworthy for their research and debunking of common misinformation:

Other sites of interest:

[编辑] Primary sources

[编辑] 杂项

取自"http://www.knowtive.com/index.php/%E5%8F%B2%E6%B3%BC%E5%B0%BC%E5%85%8B%E4%B8%80%E5%8F%B7"
个人工具
工具箱